Purpose: Tracking the 3D motion of the surgical tool and the patient anatomy is a fundamental requirement for computer-assisted skull-base surgery. The estimated motion can be used both for intra-operative guidance and for downstream skill analysis. Recovering such motion solely from surgical videos is desirable, as it is compliant with current clinical workflows and instrumentation. Methods: We present Tracker of Anatomy and Tool (TAToo). TAToo jointly tracks the rigid 3D motion of patient skull and surgical drill from stereo microscopic videos. TAToo estimates motion via an iterative optimization process in an end-to-end differentiable form. For robust tracking performance, TAToo adopts a probabilistic formulation and enforces geometric constraints on the object level. Results: We validate TAToo on both simulation data, where ground truth motion is available, as well as on anthropomorphic phantom data, where optical tracking provides a strong baseline. We report sub-millimeter and millimeter inter-frame tracking accuracy for skull and drill, respectively, with rotation errors below 1{\deg}. We further illustrate how TAToo may be used in a surgical navigation setting. Conclusion: We present TAToo, which simultaneously tracks the surgical tool and the patient anatomy in skull-base surgery. TAToo directly predicts the motion from surgical videos, without the need of any markers. Our results show that the performance of TAToo compares favorably to competing approaches. Future work will include fine-tuning of our depth network to reach a 1 mm clinical accuracy goal desired for surgical applications in the skull base.

Multiple studies have focused on predicting the prospective popularity of an online document as a whole, without paying attention to the contributions of its individual parts. We introduce the task of proactively forecasting popularities of sentences within online news documents solely utilizing their natural language content. We model sentence-specific popularity forecasting as a sequence regression task. For training our models, we curate InfoPop, the first dataset containing popularity labels for over 1.7 million sentences from over 50,000 online news documents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dataset automatically created using streams of incoming search engine queries to generate sentence-level popularity annotations. We propose a novel transfer learning approach involving sentence salience prediction as an auxiliary task. Our proposed technique coupled with a BERT-based neural model exceeds nDCG values of 0.8 for proactive sentence-specific popularity forecasting. Notably, our study presents a non-trivial takeaway: though popularity and salience are different concepts, transfer learning from salience prediction enhances popularity forecasting. We release InfoPop and make our code publicly available: https://github.com/sayarghoshroy/InfoPopularity

Recent advances in deep learning research, such as transformers, have bolstered the ability for automated agents to generate creative texts similar to those that a human would write. By default, transformer decoders can only generate new text with respect to previously generated text. The output distribution of candidate tokens at any position is conditioned on previously selected tokens using a self-attention mechanism to emulate the property of autoregression. This is inherently limiting for tasks such as controllable story generation where it may be necessary to condition on future plot events when writing a story. In this work, we propose Future Sight, a method for finetuning a pretrained generative transformer on the task of future conditioning. Transformer decoders are typically pretrained on the task of completing a context, one token at a time, by means of self-attention. Future Sight additionally enables a decoder to attend to an encoded future plot event. This motivates the decoder to expand on the context in a way that logically concludes with the provided future. During inference, the future plot event can be written by a human author to steer the narrative being generated in a certain direction. We evaluate the efficacy of our approach on a story generation task with human evaluators.

Language models have been shown to be very effective in predicting brain recordings of subjects experiencing complex language stimuli. For a deeper understanding of this alignment, it is important to understand the alignment between the detailed processing of linguistic information by the human brain versus language models. In NLP, linguistic probing tasks have revealed a hierarchy of information processing in neural language models that progresses from simple to complex with an increase in depth. On the other hand, in neuroscience, the strongest alignment with high-level language brain regions has consistently been observed in the middle layers. These findings leave an open question as to what linguistic information actually underlies the observed alignment between brains and language models. We investigate this question via a direct approach, in which we eliminate information related to specific linguistic properties in the language model representations and observe how this intervention affects the alignment with fMRI brain recordings obtained while participants listened to a story. We investigate a range of linguistic properties (surface, syntactic and semantic) and find that the elimination of each one results in a significant decrease in brain alignment across all layers of a language model. These findings provide direct evidence for the role of specific linguistic information in the alignment between brain and language models, and opens new avenues for mapping the joint information processing in both systems.

In this paper, we propose and showcase, for the first time, monocular multi-view layout estimation for warehouse racks and shelves. Unlike typical layout estimation methods, MVRackLay estimates multi-layered layouts, wherein each layer corresponds to the layout of a shelf within a rack. Given a sequence of images of a warehouse scene, a dual-headed Convolutional-LSTM architecture outputs segmented racks, the front and the top view layout of each shelf within a rack. With minimal effort, such an output is transformed into a 3D rendering of all racks, shelves and objects on the shelves, giving an accurate 3D depiction of the entire warehouse scene in terms of racks, shelves and the number of objects on each shelf. MVRackLay generalizes to a diverse set of warehouse scenes with varying number of objects on each shelf, number of shelves and in the presence of other such racks in the background. Further, MVRackLay shows superior performance vis-a-vis its single view counterpart, RackLay, in layout accuracy, quantized in terms of the mean IoU and mAP metrics. We also showcase a multi-view stitching of the 3D layouts resulting in a representation of the warehouse scene with respect to a global reference frame akin to a rendering of the scene from a SLAM pipeline. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such work to portray a 3D rendering of a warehouse scene in terms of its semantic components - Racks, Shelves and Objects - all from a single monocular camera.

This paper aims to provide an unsupervised modelling approach that allows for a more flexible representation of text embeddings. It jointly encodes the words and the paragraphs as individual matrices of arbitrary column dimension with unit Frobenius norm. The representation is also linguistically motivated with the introduction of a novel similarity metric. The proposed modelling and the novel similarity metric exploits the matrix structure of embeddings. We then go on to show that the same matrices can be reshaped into vectors of unit norm and transform our problem into an optimization problem over the spherical manifold. We exploit manifold optimization to efficiently train the matrix embeddings. We also quantitatively verify the quality of our text embeddings by showing that they demonstrate improved results in document classification, document clustering, and semantic textual similarity benchmark tests.

Often questions provided to open-domain question answering systems are ambiguous. Traditional QA systems that provide a single answer are incapable of answering ambiguous questions since the question may be interpreted in several ways and may have multiple distinct answers. In this paper, we address multi-answer retrieval which entails retrieving passages that can capture majority of the diverse answers to the question. We propose a re-ranking based approach using Determinantal point processes utilizing BERT as kernels. Our method jointly considers query-passage relevance and passage-passage correlation to retrieve passages that are both query-relevant and diverse. Results demonstrate that our re-ranking technique outperforms state-of-the-art method on the AmbigQA dataset.

多种业务场景需要从结构化输入数据中自动生成描述性的人类可读文本。因此，已经开发了针对各种下游任务的事实到文本的系统主要是由于相关数据集的高可用性。直到最近，提出了跨语言事实与文本（XF2T）的问题，该问题是针对多种语言的生成，以及一个数据集，Xalign的八种语言。但是，实际上XF2T生成问题没有严格的工作。我们使用另外四种语言的注释数据扩展了Xalign数据集：旁遮普语，马拉雅拉姆语，阿萨姆语和Oriya。我们在扩展的多语言数据集上使用基于变压器的流行文本生成模型进行了广泛的研究，我们称之为Xalignv2。此外，我们研究了不同文本生成策略的性能：预处理，事实感知的嵌入和结构意识的输入编码的多种变化。我们的广泛实验表明，使用具有结构意识的输入编码的事实感知的嵌入式的多语言MT5模型可以平均在十二种语言中获得最佳结果。我们将代码，数据集和模型公开可用，并希望这将有助于进一步在此关键领域进行进一步的研究。

在软件开发过程中，开发人员需要回答有关代码语义方面的查询。即使已经用神经方法进行了广泛的自然语言研究，但尚未探索使用神经网络对代码回答语义查询的问题。这主要是因为没有现有的数据集，具有提取性问答和答案对，涉及复杂概念和较长推理的代码。我们通过构建一个名为Codequeries的新的，策划的数据集并提出了一种关于代码的神经问题方法来弥合这一差距。我们基于最先进的预训练的代码模型，以预测答案和支持事实跨度。给定查询和代码，只有一些代码可能与回答查询有关。我们首先在理想的环境下进行实验，其中仅给出了模型的相关代码，并表明我们的模型做得很好。然后，我们在三个务实的考虑因素下进行实验：（1）扩展到大尺寸的代码，（2）从有限数量的示例中学习，（3）代码中对次要语法错误的鲁棒性。我们的结果表明，虽然神经模型可以抵御代码中的次要语法错误，代码的大小增加，与查询无关的代码的存在以及减少的培训示例数量限制了模型性能。我们正在释放数据和模型，以促进未来关于回答代码语义查询的问题的工作。

在线新闻和信息来源是方便且可访问的方法来了解当前问题。例如，超过3亿人在全球Twitter上参与帖子，这提供了传播误导信息的可能性。在许多情况下，由于虚假新闻，已经犯了暴力犯罪。这项研究介绍了Covidmis20数据集（Covid-19误导2020数据集），该数据集由2月至2020年7月收集的1,375,592条推文组成。Covidmis20可以自动更新以获取最新新闻，并在以下网址公开，网址为：HTTPPS://GITHUB.COM./github.com./github.com。/一切guy/covidmis20。这项研究是使用BI-LSTM深度学习和合奏CNN+BI-GRU进行假新闻检测进行的。结果表明，测试精度分别为92.23％和90.56％，集合CNN+BI-GRU模型始终提供了比BI-LSTM模型更高的精度。